International Tourism Revenues Research Articles

The impact of green finance policy on land ecological security: City-level evidence from China

As the phenomenon of ecological degradation increases, there is a growing body of research related to green finance, but no papers evaluating the link between it and land ecological security. Thus, this research calculates land ecological security using data from 158 cities in China's major grain-producing regions from 2012 to 2020. Taking China's green finance policy as an example, it applies the synthetic difference-in-difference method to analyze green finance's impact on land ecological security. The conclusions show that, first, green financial policy implementation has contributed to the improvement of land ecological security by 0.154 units. This result still holds after a series of robustness tests such as parallel trend tests, dynamic effects tests, and placebo tests. Second, mechanism analysis finds that green finance affects land ecological security through three paths: agricultural scale management, agricultural technological progress, and eco-industrialization. Third, in terms of the sub-dimension of eco-industrialization, green finance promotes domestic tourism revenues, agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, while its impact on international tourism revenues and fisheries is not significant. The results herein confirm the role of green finance in securing ecological security of land. Future research will further enrich the indicator system of land ecological security as well as excavate the boundary conditions for green finance in order to promote land ecological security.

An empirical asymmetric effect of the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the Chinese economy

ABSTRACTWith its ability to spur growth and jobs, tourism has become an important part of the Chinese economy. In light of this, this research empirically investigates the inconsistent effect of the tourism-led growth theory within the framework of China. This study uses an innovative method to take possible connection asymmetries into consideration. We employ both symmetric and asymmetric multivariate panel Granger causality tests to explore the causal connection between China's economic growth and international tourism revenues (ITRs). In this study, the years 1995-2019 have been investigated. The conclusions of our research are substantial. In particular, we find symmetric causation in Henan, where there is a notable and statistically significant one-way Granger causality link between ITRs and real gross domestic product (RGDP). In contrast, our study shows that there is a substantial one-way Granger causation link between ITRs and RGDP in Hunan. These findings have important ramifications and offer some evidence in favor of the hidden tourism-led growth theory. More precisely, our results are in line with the hypothesis in Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi. In summary, this research advances knowledge of the tourism-led growth theory pertaining to the Chinese economy. The presence of asymmetric effects underscores the importance of tailoring policy responses to specific economic conditions and contexts. Our findings provide valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to harness the full potential of tourism as an engine of economic growth in China.

Tourism and economic growth in Asia: a symmetric and asymmetric causality

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and real international tourism revenues (RITRs) in 11 Asian areas from 1995 to 2019. The method employed in this study involves utilizing a special bootstrap multivariate Granger causality test. The results of this analysis complement the findings of the asymmetric panel causality test, as they reveal a causal relationship between positive shocks to RITRs and positive shocks to real gross domestic product (RGDP) in Singapore and Thailand, respectively. Additionally, negative shocks in Cambodia, Hong Kong and Macau demonstrate a causal link between RITRs and RGDP, suggesting that fluctuations in tourism revenues can impact the economic growth of these regions.

The Role of International Tourism Management in Developing Countries and Mechanisms for improving it (Iraq as a Model)

Through the study of Iraq as a model, this research aims to identify mechanisms for improving the management of international tourism in developing countries. The insights gained from Iraq's experiences can provide valuable lessons and recommendations for policymakers, tourism organizations and other stakeholders involved in the promotion and development of international tourism. The researcher relied on reliable data from the World Bank website on international tourism revenues for Iraq for the past years to be a tool for predicting future revenues for the next four years, and the results were a positive correlation between the World Bank data and the forecast data for Iraq according to a set of statistical tests that were done according to the statistical program (spss).

The Impact of Climate Change on International Tourism: Evidence from Egypt

The tourism industry is one of the most important sectors that contributes to global growth. Climate change can have a significant impact on tourism since it requires appropriate weather conditions and a clean environment. Given the close relationship between climate change and tourism, the current study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on international tourism in Egypt from 1990 to 2020. This study aims to supplement the literature on tourism and environmental quality. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model used in this study to investigate both short and long-run estimates at the same time. Climate change was measured using changes in precipitation, carbon dioxide emissions, and temperature, with gross capital formation (% of GDP) and arable land (% of land area) serving as control variables. The results show that two climate variables (precipitation rate and temperature) have a positive impact but are not significant in the short and long run-on international tourism revenue. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions have a long-term negative impact on international tourism revenues.

Econometric Analysis of the Relationship Between Tourism Revenues, Inflation and Economic Growth: The Case of Morocco and South Africa

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between international tourism revenues, inflation rates and economic growth of Morocco and South Africa between. The Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to measure whether there is a significant relationship between dependent and independent variables and how the variables affect economic growth. The data used in the analysis were obtained from the World Bank and include annual data. During the analysis process, a series of assumption tests were made to reveal the significance of the model. The model was established by taking the logarithm of the dependent variable. The VIF test was used to measure that the independent variables were not related to each other, the Breusch-Godfrey LM test was applied to examine whether there was autocorrelation between the error terms, and the Shapiro-Wilk W test, which was another assumption, was applied to measure the normal distribution of the error terms. As a result of the latest multiple linear regression analysis, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the variables of both countries. In both countries, the increase in international tourism revenues affects economic growth positively, but the increase in inflation affects economic growth negatively.

Is the volatility of international tourism revenues affected by tourism source market structure? An empirical analysis of Turkey

This study examines the effect of tourism source market structure on the volatility of tourism revenues in Turkey, using the number of tourists according to nationality and the data on international tourism revenues. The tourism source market structure was measured using the normalized Herfindahl–Hirschman index and the relative entropy index, which is based on the number of tourists visiting Turkey from 107 source markets. The volatility of tourism revenues and the effect of tourism source market structure on this volatility were assessed using the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) method. The results show that both variables measuring tourism source market structure affect the volatility of tourism revenues. Accordingly, the concentration of the tourism source market increases the volatility of tourism revenues, whereas source market diversification decreases it.

The effect of tourism source market structure on international tourism revenues in Turkey

The current study calculates an indicator of tourism source market structure and investigates its impact on international tourism revenues in Turkey. This structure may influence the tourism performance through its consequences on the competitiveness and risk structure of the sector. The calculation of tourism source market structure in this study is based on the normalized Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and number of tourists by nationality. The ARDL co-integration framework is the method used and the estimation covers the period between January 2008 and September 2019. The calculated tourism source market structure indicator showed decreasing trend in the research period indicating that the tourism source market diversified in some extent. The co-integration is supported, and in the long-term model a 1% decrease in the tourism source market concentration found to increase international tourism revenues by 1.9078%. Furthermore, the error correction model indicated that it takes 7.16 months for deviations from the long-run relationship to return to the equilibrium.

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, September 2021

International tourism shows slight recovery in June and July 2021 driven by vaccinations and border reopening International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) in the first seven months of 2021 were 40% below the levels of 2020, and still 80% down when compared to the same period of pre-pandemic year 2019. After a weak start of the year, international tourism saw a modest improvement during the months of June and July 2021. The small improvement in June and July was underpinned by the reopening of many destinations to international travel, mostly in Europe and the Americas. The relaxation of travel restrictions to vaccinated travellers, coupled with progress made in the roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines, contributed to ease travel restrictions, lift consumer confidence and gradually restore safe mobility in Europe and other parts of the world. Small islands in the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia and the Pacific, together with a few small European destinations recorded the best performance in June and July, with arrivals coming close to, or sometimes exceeding pre-pandemic levels. July (-67%) saw comparatively better performance than June (-77%), making it the best month so far since April 2020. Asia and the Pacific continued to suffer the weakest results in January-July 2021, with a 95% drop in international arrivals compared to the same period in 2019. The Middle East (-82%) recorded the second largest decline, followed by Europe and Africa (both -77%). The Americas (-68%) saw a comparatively smaller decrease. Although destinations continued to report very weak international tourism revenues in the first seven months of 2021, several countries recorded a modest improvement in the months of June and July, and some even surpassed the earnings of 2019. The same is true for outbound travel. Among the larger source markets, France (-35% over 2019) and the United States (-49%) saw a small rebound in expenditure in July. Despite the relative improvement over the low levels of 2020, international tourism remained well below 2019 levels. This is also reflected in the evaluation made by the UNWTO Panel of Experts in the September survey, showing mixed results for the period May-August 2021. Looking ahead, most experts continue to expect a rebound in 2022, driven by unleashed pent-up demand, mostly during the second and third quarter of that year. Nearly one-third of respondents expect a potential rebound in 2023. Almost half of all experts continue to see a return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2024 or later.

ЮНВТО Всемирная туристская Барометр, и статистическое приложение Обновленная информация, ИСентябрь 2021 года

International tourism shows slight recovery in June and July 2021 driven by vaccinations and border reopening International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) in the first seven months of 2021 were 40% below the levels of 2020, and still 80% down when compared to the same period of pre-pandemic year 2019. After a weak start of the year, international tourism saw a modest improvement during the months of June and July 2021. The small improvement in June and July was underpinned by the reopening of many destinations to international travel, mostly in Europe and the Americas. The relaxation of travel restrictions to vaccinated travellers, coupled with progress made in the roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines, contributed to ease travel restrictions, lift consumer confidence and gradually restore safe mobility in Europe and other parts of the world. Small islands in the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia and the Pacific, together with a few small European destinations recorded the best performance in June and July, with arrivals coming close to, or sometimes exceeding pre-pandemic levels. July (-67%) saw comparatively better performance than June (-77%), making it the best month so far since April 2020. Asia and the Pacific continued to suffer the weakest results in January-July 2021, with a 95% drop in international arrivals compared to the same period in 2019. The Middle East (-82%) recorded the second largest decline, followed by Europe and Africa (both -77%). The Americas (-68%) saw a comparatively smaller decrease. Although destinations continued to report very weak international tourism revenues in the first seven months of 2021, several countries recorded a modest improvement in the months of June and July, and some even surpassed the earnings of 2019. The same is true for outbound travel. Among the larger source markets, France (-35% over 2019) and the United States (-49%) saw a small rebound in expenditure in July. Despite the relative improvement over the low levels of 2020, international tourism remained well below 2019 levels. This is also reflected in the evaluation made by the UNWTO Panel of Experts in the September survey, showing mixed results for the period May-August 2021. Looking ahead, most experts continue to expect a rebound in 2022, driven by unleashed pent-up demand, mostly during the second and third quarter of that year. Nearly one-third of respondents expect a potential rebound in 2023. Almost half of all experts continue to see a return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2024 or later.

Baromètre OMT du tourisme mondial et annexe statistique, septembre 2021

International tourism shows slight recovery in June and July 2021 driven by vaccinations and border reopening International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) in the first seven months of 2021 were 40% below the levels of 2020, and still 80% down when compared to the same period of pre-pandemic year 2019. After a weak start of the year, international tourism saw a modest improvement during the months of June and July 2021. The small improvement in June and July was underpinned by the reopening of many destinations to international travel, mostly in Europe and the Americas. The relaxation of travel restrictions to vaccinated travellers, coupled with progress made in the roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines, contributed to ease travel restrictions, lift consumer confidence and gradually restore safe mobility in Europe and other parts of the world. Small islands in the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia and the Pacific, together with a few small European destinations recorded the best performance in June and July, with arrivals coming close to, or sometimes exceeding pre-pandemic levels. July (-67%) saw comparatively better performance than June (-77%), making it the best month so far since April 2020. Asia and the Pacific continued to suffer the weakest results in January-July 2021, with a 95% drop in international arrivals compared to the same period in 2019. The Middle East (-82%) recorded the second largest decline, followed by Europe and Africa (both -77%). The Americas (-68%) saw a comparatively smaller decrease. Although destinations continued to report very weak international tourism revenues in the first seven months of 2021, several countries recorded a modest improvement in the months of June and July, and some even surpassed the earnings of 2019. The same is true for outbound travel. Among the larger source markets, France (-35% over 2019) and the United States (-49%) saw a small rebound in expenditure in July. Despite the relative improvement over the low levels of 2020, international tourism remained well below 2019 levels. This is also reflected in the evaluation made by the UNWTO Panel of Experts in the September survey, showing mixed results for the period May-August 2021. Looking ahead, most experts continue to expect a rebound in 2022, driven by unleashed pent-up demand, mostly during the second and third quarter of that year. Nearly one-third of respondents expect a potential rebound in 2023. Almost half of all experts continue to see a return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2024 or later.

Barómetro OMT del Turismo Mundial y anexo estadístico, septiembre 2021

International tourism shows slight recovery in June and July 2021 driven by vaccinations and border reopening International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) in the first seven months of 2021 were 40% below the levels of 2020, and still 80% down when compared to the same period of pre-pandemic year 2019. After a weak start of the year, international tourism saw a modest improvement during the months of June and July 2021. The small improvement in June and July was underpinned by the reopening of many destinations to international travel, mostly in Europe and the Americas. The relaxation of travel restrictions to vaccinated travellers, coupled with progress made in the roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines, contributed to ease travel restrictions, lift consumer confidence and gradually restore safe mobility in Europe and other parts of the world. Small islands in the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia and the Pacific, together with a few small European destinations recorded the best performance in June and July, with arrivals coming close to, or sometimes exceeding pre-pandemic levels. July (-67%) saw comparatively better performance than June (-77%), making it the best month so far since April 2020. Asia and the Pacific continued to suffer the weakest results in January-July 2021, with a 95% drop in international arrivals compared to the same period in 2019. The Middle East (-82%) recorded the second largest decline, followed by Europe and Africa (both -77%). The Americas (-68%) saw a comparatively smaller decrease. Although destinations continued to report very weak international tourism revenues in the first seven months of 2021, several countries recorded a modest improvement in the months of June and July, and some even surpassed the earnings of 2019. The same is true for outbound travel. Among the larger source markets, France (-35% over 2019) and the United States (-49%) saw a small rebound in expenditure in July. Despite the relative improvement over the low levels of 2020, international tourism remained well below 2019 levels. This is also reflected in the evaluation made by the UNWTO Panel of Experts in the September survey, showing mixed results for the period May-August 2021. Looking ahead, most experts continue to expect a rebound in 2022, driven by unleashed pent-up demand, mostly during the second and third quarter of that year. Nearly one-third of respondents expect a potential rebound in 2023. Almost half of all experts continue to see a return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2024 or later.

Institutional Quality and Tourism: Panel Causality Analysis in the Case of Mediterranean Countries

Using panel data methods this study examines the relationship between institutional quality and tourism in the case of 12 Mediterranean countries. Six indexes of the Worldwide Governance Indicators database and a general index calculated as their average were taken into consideration as institutional quality indicators. International tourism receipts per tourist and international tourism receipts as a percentage of export were used as tourism performance indicators. In analysis, the cross-sectional dependence was examined by Pesaran (2004) CD test and in accordance with the findings of this test, first and second-generation panel unit root tests were applied. Taking into consideration of the stationarity of the variables and non-homogeneity of the parameters, the relationship between institutional quality and international tourism revenues was examined by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) heterogeneous panel causality test. Findings of the causality analysis strongly supported the causality toward international tourism receipts per tourist from institutional quality variables. Causality to the international tourism receipts as a percentage of export was supported for some of the institutional quality variables.

The Impacts of Tourism Revenues on Economic Growth: Unit Root and Cointegration Tests with Structural Break for Turkey

Turizm sektörü yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren dünya ekonomisinin en hızlı gelişen ve genişleyen sektörlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Turizm, döviz kazandırıcı etkisinin yanı sıra milli gelire, istihdama ve ödemeler dengesine olan önemli katkılarıyla ülke ekonomileri açısından alternatif bir büyüme kaynağıdır. Sektör çok yönlü özelliği ile sadece ekonomiyi değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve kültürel hayatı da etkilemektedir. Özellikle Türkiye'nin de içinde bulunduğu gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından turizm, bir kalkınma faktörü olarak son derece önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin 1987-2018 dönemi verilerini kullanarak uluslararası turizm gelirleri ile ekonomik performans arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu amaçla yapısal kırılmalı birim kök ve eşbütünleşme testleri kullanılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre seriler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi görülmektedir. Uzun vadeli tahmin sonuçlarına göre, turizm gelirlerinin ekonomik performans üzerinde pozitif bir etkisi vardır. Hata düzeltme modelinin sonuçlarına göre turizm değişkeni ile diğer tüm değişkenler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla kısa ve uzun dönem tahmin sonuçlarına göre turizm gelirleri ekonomik büyüme üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir.  

Do Country Risks Matter for Tourism Development? International Evidence

This research fills the gap in the tourism literature on the impacts of country stability—including political, financial, and economic—on tourism development (i.e., international tourist arrivals, international tourism revenues, and travel and leisure sector returns). To account for possible asymmetric and nonlinear relationships among variables, we apply a new method of moment quantile regression, by using panel data from 106 countries spanning the period 2006–2017. From a global perspective, the empirical results indicate that higher country stability generally leads to higher tourism development, while there is no salient influence of financial stability on travel and leisure sector returns. This suggests that the effects of country risk ratings are mostly nonlinear across different tourism development quantiles. Additionally, different components of risk rating scores have diverse impacts on tourism development. The findings mean that policy makers should consider their tourism condition when setting country stability strategies.

Identifying the Carbon Emissions Damage to International Tourism: Turn a Blind Eye

The importance of sustainable tourism is largely discussed in environmental literature under two different main streams: first, an ample amount of literature is available on the role of international tourism in economic development; second, the existing literature mainly focused on estimating tourism carbon footprints across countries. Limited work has been done on identifying the cost of carbon emissions on the tourism industry, which is evaluated in this study to fill the existing literature gap by using a large panel of 132 countries between 1995 and 2018. The results show that carbon emissions damage, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and population density substantially decrease inbound tourism and international tourism receipts that result in an impact on the increase in international tourism expenditures across countries. The ex-ante analysis shows that inbound tourism will likely decrease from 19.546% to 16.854% due to an increase in carbon emissions damage of 0.357% to 1.349% for the period 2020–2028. Subsequently, international tourism expenditures will decrease from 19.758% to 12.384% by increasing carbon emissions damage from0.832% to 1.025%. Finally, international tourism revenues will subsequently decline from23.362% to 18.197% due to lowering carbon emissions damage from 0.397% to −0.113% over a time horizon.

Environmental consequences of tourism: do oil-exporting countries import more CO2 emissions?

ABSTRACT The study explores the impact of international tourism on consumption-based CO2 emissions in the case of Azerbaijan for the period of 1995–2013. The results of the long-run estimations revealed that the relationship between CO2 emissions and international tourism revenues is N-shaped. This finding also indicates that the EKC hypothesis does not hold in the case of Azerbaijan. The found curvature of the relationship and the positive impact of tourism on CO2 emissions are in line with the expectations, considering the developing path of the country. Moreover, the impacts of imports and exports are found to be positive and negative, respectively, which are in line with the expectations and with the theoretical findings discussed in the theoretical framework section. The positive impact of tourism and the higher impact of imports highlights the importance of utilizing the environmentally friendly policies in tourism activities as well as in international trade relations.

The Impact of Climate Change on Tourism: A Causality Analysis

Tourism industry is one of the primary sectors that contribute to economic growth of countries worldwide. Since it requires appropriate weather conditions and clean environment, climate changes can significantly affect the sector. Therefore, this study examines the causality and long-run relationship between the climate change and tourism sector in Turkey. To estimate the potential long-run relationship between variables, Granger-Causality test is applied to data from 1960 to 2016. The study uses World Development Indicator Data released by World Bank. For the analysis, carbon-dioxide emission, methane emission, energy use (oil equivalent), and forest land are standing for climate change indicators. International tourist arrivals and tourism revenues represent for tourism sector‘s variables. The findings show that there is a negative and significant coefficient of climate change on tourism sector. Also, in average, climatic change indicators have unidirectional and negative impact on international tourism revenue. Another finding is that climate change deteriorates to environment by augmenting carbon dioxide emission and methane emission. As a result, climatic change can weaken the tourism industry which can decrease the speed of Turkey‘s economic development. In the long run, this research can pioneer assessing the economic and environmental impacts of climate change in the tourism sector bases.

Theoretical and applied aspects of tourism mobility in the global dimension

The purpose of the article is to develop the theoretical and applied foundations of the study of tourist mobility with the identification of features of its implementation in the global dimension, the analysis of global trends and values in terms of different groups of countries. Methodology of research. The tasks of the article are solved with the help of the following general scientific and special methods of research: analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization, dialectical approach. Findings. The article summarizes the different approaches to understanding mobility and highlights its perspectives. Tourism is considered as a determinant of employment, self-realization in the sphere of service and hospitality. The meaning of the term “tourist mobility” has been defined and the retrospective of their use has been explored. The analysis of global trends in the implementation of tourist mobility with a focus on the dynamics of displacement and cost indicators in terms of different groups of countries on the basis of geography and profitability. The main trends of realization of tourist mobility of the population in the context of stimulating influence on human development are generalized. Practical value. The main trends of tourist mobility of the modern world are highlighted, in particular the growth of the level of tourist mobility of modern society is shown, which confirms the quantitative dimension of its realization and the change of approaches to the organization of travel. The link between the tourist mobility of the population and the quality of life is outlined. The necessity of complex monitoring of the level of tourist mobility according to different vectors with understanding of qualitative indicators of human development and finding ways to optimize the impact of tourism as an industry on the economy (state, region), capable of providing development in the conditions of stability, is substantiated. Keywords: mobility, tourist mobility, international tourism, global trends, international tourism revenues and expenditures. REFERENCES 1. A Dictionary of the Derivations of the English Language (1872). London and Glasgow: William Collins, Sons, and Company [in English]. 2. Stryuk, M. I., Semerikov, S. O. & Stryuk, A. M. (2015). Mobilʹnistʹ: systemnyy pidkhid [Mobility: a systematic approach]. Informatsiyni tekhnolohiyi i zasoby navchannya – Information technologies and training tools. 49 (5), 37–70 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Khorunzha, L. A. (2009). 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International tourism spatial distribution: an alternative cartography of World Tourism Organization (Unwto) Data

The UNWTO is responsible for collecting and disseminating International Tourism data about 200 states among its associate members and affiliates. Traditionally this information is disclosed in the Compendium of Tourism Statistics, whose access is restricted or paid. The WTO reports also present the data aggregated in accord to the regional division of the world established by the UNWTO itself. This work aims to present an alternative cartography and to discuss the spatial distribution of international tourism. This was done from the UNWTO database, available by the World Bank. The interval between 2006 and 2016 was chosen for analysis. The indicators presented are: the average of international arrivals from 2006 to 2016; the variation in the number of international arrivals between 2006 and 2016; the ratio between international arrivals and each country's population in 2016; the ratio between international tourism revenue and international arrivals between over 2006 and 2016; the variation in international tourism revenues between 2006 and 2016; the variation in international tourism spending between 2006 and 2016. The discussion of these indicators is important for a deeper understanding of the dynamics of international tourism, which goes far beyond the traditional debate around the often-released top ten rankings.